在C++中,可以将虚函数声明为纯虚函数,语法格式为: virtual 返回值类型 函数名 (函数参数) = 0; 纯虚函数没有函数体,只有函数声明,在虚函数声明的结尾加上=0,表明此函数为纯虚函数。最后的=0并不表示函数返回值为0,它只起形式上的作用,告诉编译系统“这是纯虚函数”。 包含纯虚函数的类称为抽象类(Abstract Class)。之所以说它抽象,是因为它无法实例化,也就是无法创建对象。原因很明显,纯虚函数没有函数体,不是完整的函数,无法调用,也无法为其分配内存空间。
抽象类通常是作为基类,让派生类去实现纯虚函数。派生类必须实现纯虚函数才能被实例化。
纯虚函数使用举例:- #include <iostream>
- using namespace std;
- //线
- class Line{
- public:
- Line(float len);
- virtual float area() = 0;
- virtual float volume() = 0;
- protected:
- float m_len;
- };
- Line::Line(float len): m_len(len){ }
- //矩形
- class Rec: public Line{
- public:
- Rec(float len, float width);
- float area();
- protected:
- float m_width;
- };
- Rec::Rec(float len, float width): Line(len), m_width(width){ }
- float Rec::area(){ return m_len * m_width; }
- //长方体
- class Cuboid: public Rec{
- public:
- Cuboid(float len, float width, float height);
- float area();
- float volume();
- protected:
- float m_height;
- };
- Cuboid::Cuboid(float len, float width, float height): Rec(len, width), m_height(height){ }
- float Cuboid::area(){ return 2 * ( m_len*m_width + m_len*m_height + m_width*m_height); }
- float Cuboid::volume(){ return m_len * m_width * m_height; }
- //正方体
- class Cube: public Cuboid{
- public:
- Cube(float len);
- float area();
- float volume();
- };
- Cube::Cube(float len): Cuboid(len, len, len){ }
- float Cube::area(){ return 6 * m_len * m_len; }
- float Cube::volume(){ return m_len * m_len * m_len; }
- int main(){
- Line *p = new Cuboid(10, 20, 30);
- cout<<"The area of Cuboid is "<<p->area()<<endl;
- cout<<"The volume of Cuboid is "<<p->volume()<<endl;
- p = new Cube(15);
- cout<<"The area of Cube is "<<p->area()<<endl;
- cout<<"The volume of Cube is "<<p->volume()<<endl;
- return 0;
- }
运行结果:
The area of Cuboid is 2200
The volume of Cuboid is 6000
The area of Cube is 1350
The volume of Cube is 3375
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